Tuesday, April 22, 2008

TRIVIALIDADES

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O cidadão comum que leia ou ouça que o Estado deveria pagar o que deve a fornecedores, recorrendo a empréstimos se não tem meios disponíveis, e que deveria na suas contas contar como dívida aquelas dívidas, se não souber dos meandros por onde se governam as habilidades de gestão da administração pública, interroga-se se estará a ouvir bem e a perceber convenientemente.
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Quando, no início da governação do actual executivo, ao governador do Banco de Portugal foi encomendado analisar o défice do OGE que transitava do governo anterior, e o governador-auditor recalculou em seis-vírgula-qualquer-coisa-que-não-me-lembro-agora o mal fadado défice, o cidadão comum percebeu (talvez mal) que, a partir daí, não haveria mais contas por pagar fora do rol. Tal convicção foi-lhe mais tarde repetida quando o líder parlamentar da oposição (por acaso ex-chefe do governo anterior) reclamou que iria solicitar ao governador-auditor um exercício idêntico aquele que ele tinha realizado dois anos antes. Como a reclamação ficou por ali, o cidadão comum subentendeu (pelos vistos, mal) que o ex-chefe teria recuado nas intenções por falta de cabimento. Isto é, o cidadão comum, concluiu (mal) que no rol das dívidas não faltaria uma sequer. Pelos vistos, continuam a faltar muitas.
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E assim, resumidamente, chegamos a uma conclusão trivial: O Estado nem paga a tempo e horas nem sabe a quem deve. Ou, se sabe, não diz.
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E a outra: A oposição sabe que assim é mas não reclama a actualização permanente do rol.
Porquê? É sobretudo nas habilidades com que iludem os cidadãos que não se distinguem as oposições dos governos.

Monday, April 21, 2008

PRESIDENTE OBAMA

Obama for President
http://robertreich.blogspot.com/2008/04/obama-for-president.html

The formal act of endorsing a candidate is generally (and properly)limited to editorial pages and elected officials whose constituents might be influenced by their choice. The rest of us shouldn't assume anyone cares. My avoidance of offering a formal endorsement until now has also been affected by the pull of old friendships and my reluctance as a teacher and commentator to be openly partisan. But my conscience won't let me be silent any longer.
I believe that Barack Obama should be elected President of the United States.
Although Hillary Clinton has offered solid and sensible policy proposals, Obama's strike me as even more so.
His plans for reforming Social Security and health care have a better chance of succeeding. His approaches to the housing crisis and the failures of our financial markets are sounder than hers. His ideas for improving our public schools and confronting the problems of poverty and inequality are more coherent and compelling. He has put forward the more enlightened foreign policy and the more thoughtful plan for controlling global warming.He also presents the best chance of creating a new politics in which citizens become active participants rather than cynical spectators. He has energized many who had given up on politics. He has engaged young people to an extent not seen in decades. He has spoken about the most difficult problems our society faces, such as race, without spinning or simplifying. He has rightly identified the armies of lawyers and lobbyists that have commandeered our democracy, and pointed the way toward taking it back.Finally, he offers the best hope of transcending the boundaries of class, race, and nationality that have divided us.
His life history exemplifies this, as do his writings and his record of public service. For these same reasons, he offers the best possibility of restoring America's moral authority in the world.

A BATALHA DA PENSILVÂNIA

Qualquer dos candidatos democratas é melhor que McCain mas McCain é melhor que George Bush . É o que diz Obama, para seguidamente perguntar quem melhor protagonizará a mudança e implicitamente responder que é ele.
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A cada um um seu discurso, McCain por agora é mais ouvinte que interveniente, o silêncio resguarda-o, a luta verbal dos candidatos democratas beneficia-o. Amanhã saber-se-á o resultado de uma luta fratricida que, até agora, vulnerabilizou mais do que promoveu Barak Obama ou Hillary Clinton.
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Se, como avisam os resultados das sondagens, Hillary ganhar tangencialmente ou perder na Pensivânia, a sua nomeação ficará comprometida ou irremediavelmente perdida. E Obama irá defrontar McCain razoavelmente recuperado dos seus confrontos com Hillary até hoje. Se, como prevê Bill Clinton, Hillary renascer das cinzas como Fénix e obtiver uma vantagem sobre Obama que coloque a corrida das primárias democratas na estaca zero, a guerra entre irmãos vai continuar até Junho. Nessa altura, quem conseguir a nomeação na Convenção estará ainda mais esgotado de meios e de argumentos para se bater com MacCain.
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Se o candidato democrata à presidência em Novembro for Hillary, terá de enfrentar um candidato herói da guerra do Vietname (pelo menos segundo o entendimento da grande maioria dos norte-americanos) após ter sido fortemente desgastada pela sua incrível mentira de ter estado debaixo de fogo quando desembarcou na Bósnia. Num país onde o patriotismo conta e os heróis da guerra são venerados, o confronto entre o herói e o títere pode ser fatal para a avaliação de todos os argumentos que Hillary avance. Acresce que desde o início da campanha, antes de qualquer desgaste provocado pelo confronto com Obama, segundo as sondagens Hillary já era perdedora para McCain.
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Se o candidato for Obama, e se o for já virtualmente a partir de amanhã, as possibilidades do candidato democrata ser eleito como próximo presidente dos EUA aumentam muito. Obama tem recebido as maiores contribuições para o financiamento da campanha, o que constitui um factor desequilibrador importante num país enorme e onde as mensagens televisivas só se pagam com orçamentos gigantes, tem o apoio de uma parte importante da intelectualidade opinion-maker, possui um discurso envolvente e progressivamente arrebatador. No confronto com McCain dificilmente perderá um frente-a-frente.
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Não me admiraria, portanto, que haja muita gente que vote amanhã em Hillary para propositadamente favorecer McCain.

Sunday, April 20, 2008

FOME

A fome sempre foi a causa maior de mortalidade em toda a história da humanidade. E continua ainda a deter esse abominável recorde mesmo depois da revolução verde e da criação de condições de produção de alimentos que poderiam, se estes chegassem onde a fome mata, evitar a dizimação pela subnutrição. Apesar do dramatismo dos números que quantificam ainda o flagelo da fome, a evolução tem sido positiva e a tragédia tem visto progressivamente limitados os seus horrores. De qualquer modo, sobre a consciência colectiva da humanidade continuará a pesar ainda por muito tempo o remorso e a vergonha pelo conhecimento, agora também transmitido em imagens que deveriam nausear quem as observa, se não se tivessem já banalizado, enquanto almoça ou janta, de gente que morre de fome neste mundo onde é cada vez maior o número daqueles que morrem por comer demais.
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Contrariando aqueles que sempre têem advogado que a questão da dependência do petróleo não é crítica para a humanidade, ou não é ao ponto de ser insolúvel a médio prazo, a recente, e brusca, transferência para produções de biocombustíveis de produções, ou de solos, até agora destinados a produção de alimentos, demonstra que as alternativas ao crude não aparecem sem apresentar factura. Para complicar a equação, acontece, em consequência da mesma razão fundamental ( o crescimento económico de dois gigantes populacionais) o crescimento exponencial da procura, eventualmente concorrencial entre si, de crude e de alimentos.
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A superação deste cenário de carência global de oferta energética (a fome é a mais dramática forma dessa carência) tem de sustentar-se i) na promoção de condições que aumentem a competência de populações até agora quase inibidas de concorrer nos mercados internacionais de alimentos, e a este propósito transcrevi atrás um editorial publicado hoje no Washington Post ii) na prosecução da procura de fontes alternativas de energia que não colidam com a produção de alimentos iii) na adopção de processos de aumento da produtividade energética iv) na adopção de medidas de racionalização dos consumos energéticos e de poupança de energia v) na recuperação de solos abandonados para o aumento da autosuficiência alimentar.
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Se os primeiros dois pontos se colocam aos portugueses primordialmente na sua condição de membros da União Europeia, a solução dos restantes passa por adopção de políticas que a Portugal compete, mas tarda, adoptar. A nossa dependência energética e insuficiência de produção alimentar só podem ser colmatadas com medidas inovadoras. Que estão a ser observadas na produção de energia eléctrica, mas não suficientemente na poupança de energia e no aumento da produtividade energética, e de forma ainda mais insuficiente no caso da produção de alimentos.

PROPOSTAS DE SAIDA

A Worsening Food Crisis
The U.S. and its allies need to act.

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/19/AR2008041901601.html

THE WORLD'S most dangerous conflicts stem from religion and ideology -- tragic proof that man does not live by bread alone. But when bread is hard to get, that, too, causes unrest. And lately, it has been very expensive indeed: The World Bank estimates that global food prices have risen 83 percent in the last three years. Hence, food riots in Haiti, Egypt and Ethiopia and the use of troops in Pakistan and Thailand to protect crops and storage centers. Many countries are banning or limiting food exports. World Bank President Robert B. Zoellick says that 33 countries are at risk of food-related upheaval. Famine may revisit North Korea, parts of Africa or, disastrously for U.S. foreign policy, Afghanistan.
To many, the villain is biofuels. U.S. and European ethanol programs, intended as an antidote to climate change and an alternative to
OPEC oil, stand accused of snatching food from the world's hungry. According to India's finance minister, ethanol is "a crime against humanity." And it is part of the problem. The more corn becomes ethanol, the less will be available as food for people and livestock. In the U.S. farm belt, heavy ethanol subsidies, such as a tax break of 51 cents a gallon, encourage the shift. These subsidies were already questionable, in economic terms, before the commodity crunch. That they might contribute to hardship for the world's poor is another argument for reducing them.
But ethanol's impact should not be overstated. The International Food Policy Research Institute, which is critical of ethanol, pins about 25 to 33 percent of the recent price rise on biofuels; the
U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization guesses about 10 to 15 percent. Most of the crisis is rooted in three other factors: drought in grain-exporting Australia; the surging price of crude oil, which raises food prices through the costs of shipping and petrochemical fertilizer; and booming demand for food in China, India and other newly prosperous areas of the developing world. These areas consume not only more staples such as rice and wheat but also more meat from animals fed on grain. This trend is here to stay -- and, unlike Australian drought or oil inflation, no one should want it to go away. Lifting hundreds of millions of Asians out of poverty is a historic achievement.
To cope with the current situation, the United States must contribute its share to help the
U.N. World Food Program fill a $500 million gap in its budget. Congress should change U.S. law to let U.S. aid buy food in developing countries themselves, which could boost local producers. Looking further ahead, the U.S. and multilateral institutions must also support greater investment in farming in the developing world, including funding for research into improved crop yields, which has been in steady decline over the last 25 years.
Today's crisis could be tomorrow's opportunity. If the era of cheap food is over, higher prices might stimulate local agricultural production in Africa and other places that now depend on imports. This will be likelier if the United States and Europe finally dismantle the wasteful crop subsidies and trade barriers that fatten their farmers' bank accounts -- but distort international markets at the expense of the poor.

Saturday, April 19, 2008








Casa forte e casa de banho

Ou o que acontece quando um banco é reconvertido em restaurante.

Leesburg - Virgínia

O CORO DO CHORO DOS INTELECTUAIS

Vezes sem conta, tenho provocado alguns comentadores na blogosfera (alguns deles também comentadores em jornais, rádio, rádio, televisão) denunciando-lhes a crónica tendência para a lamentação. Hoje meti uma farpa num post de João Paulo Guerra em Sorumbático. Não espero que lhe interrompa o choro. É choro convulsivo.
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O principal mal que aflige Portugal é a atávica propensão para a lamentação dos seus intelectuais. Em Portugal não se pensa, chora-se.
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Cada um em seu canto, choram desesperadamente os mais lidos e ouvidos comentadores em jornais, blogues, na televisão, na rádio. E a maior tragédia é que quem os ouve ou lê, gosta disso. Lambe-se. Não fosse esse o caso, a choraminguisse não ganharia a vida.Chora-se por tudo e por nada. Quando não há grande coisa para chorar, amplia-se. O maior chorador, Vasco Pulido Valente, chora até pelo não e pelo contrário.
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Ouvindo-o chorar, larga o resto dos comentadores e analistas aos berros. E já se sabe: com o choro em coro o berreiro aumenta exponencialemente em decibeis. Agora, vai haver falta de pão. E de leite. Os preços vão escalar até ao insuportável. A fome dizimará.
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Admitamos que as ameaças acontecem. Resolvem-se chorando? É por chorar que vamos continuar a mamar?
Não é.
Se queremos resolver os problemas, se queremos afastar as ameaças, não devemos sentar-nos à beira da estrada e lamentar-nos a quem passa. O que devemos é discutir soluções, ideias, revoluções até.
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Não, definitivamente não, não é com lamentações que se ultrapassa o muro.

O QUE DISSE OBAMA

http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/18/opinion/18krugman.html?em&ex=1208750400&en=0047e58966b48022&ei=5087%0A

Will Barack Obama’s now famous “bitter” quote turn out to have been a big deal politically? Frankly, I have no idea.
Paul Krugman

But here’s a different question: was Mr. Obama right?
Mr. Obama’s comments combined assertions about economics, sociology and voting behavior. In each case, his assertion was mostly if not entirely wrong.
Start with the economics. Mr. Obama: “You go into these small towns in Pennsylvania and, like a lot of small towns in the Midwest, the jobs have been gone now for 25 years and nothing’s replaced them. And they fell through the Clinton administration, and the Bush administration.”
There are, indeed, towns where the mill closed during the 1980s and nothing has replaced it. But the suggestion that the American heartland suffered equally during the Clinton and Bush years is deeply misleading.
In fact, the Clinton years were very good for working Americans in the Midwest, where real median household income soared before crashing after 2000. (You can see the numbers at my blog,
krugman.blogs.nytimes.com.)
We can argue about how much credit Bill Clinton deserves for that boom. But if I were a Democratic Party elder, I’d urge Mr. Obama to stop blurring the distinction between Clinton-era prosperity and Bush-era economic distress.
Next, the sociology: “And it’s not surprising then that they get bitter, they cling to guns or religion or antipathy toward people who aren’t like them.”
The crucial word here isn’t “bitter,” it’s “cling.” Does economic hardship drive people to seek solace in firearms, God and xenophobia?
It’s true that people in poor states are more likely to attend church regularly than residents of rich states. This might seem to indicate that faith is indeed a response to economic adversity.
But this result largely reflects the fact that southern states are both church-going and poor; some poor states outside the South, like Maine and Montana, are actually less religious than Connecticut. Furthermore, within poor states, people with low incomes are actually less likely to attend church than those with high incomes. (The correlation runs the opposite way in rich states.)
Over all, none of this suggests that people turn to God out of economic frustration.
Finally, Mr. Obama, in later clarifying remarks, declared that the people he’s talking about “don’t vote on economic issues,” and are motivated instead by things like guns and gay marriage.
That’s a political theory made famous by Thomas Frank’s “What’s the Matter With Kansas?” According to this theory, “values” issues lead working-class Americans to act against their own interests by voting Republican. Mr. Obama seemed to suggest that’s also why they support Hillary Clinton.
I was impressed by Mr. Frank’s book when it came out. But my Princeton colleague Larry Bartels, who had an Op-Ed in The Times on Thursday, convinced me that Mr. Frank was mostly wrong.
In his Op-Ed, Mr. Bartels cited data showing that small-town, working-class Americans are actually less likely than affluent metropolitan residents to vote on the basis of religion and social values. Nor have working-class voters trended Republican over time; on the contrary, Democrats do better with these voters now than they did in the 1960s.
It’s true that Americans who attend church regularly are more likely to vote Republican. But contrary to the stereotype, this relationship is weak at low incomes but strong among high-income voters. That is, to the extent that religion helps the G.O.P., it’s not by convincing the working class to vote against its own interests, but by producing supermajorities among the evangelical affluent.
So why have Republicans won so many elections? In his book, “Unequal Democracy,” Mr. Bartels shows that “the shift of the Solid South from Democratic to Republican control in the wake of the civil rights movement” explains all — literally all — of the Republican success story.
Does it matter that Mr. Obama has embraced an incorrect theory about what motivates working-class voters? His campaign certainly hasn’t been based on Mr. Frank’s book, which calls for a renewed focus on economic issues as a way to win back the working class.
Indeed, the book concludes with a blistering attack on Democrats who cater to “affluent, white-collar professionals who are liberal on social issues” while “dropping the class language that once distinguished them sharply from Republicans.” Doesn’t this sound a bit like the Obama campaign?
Anyway, the important point is that working-class Americans do vote on economic issues — and can be swayed by a politician who offers real answers to their problems.
And one more thing: let’s hope that once Mr. Obama is no longer running against someone named Clinton, he’ll stop denigrating the very good economic record of the only Democratic administration most Americans remember.

Friday, April 18, 2008




Black bird red wing







Eastern blue bird

DIAS DE NEVOEIRO

O PSD não tem passado para a opinião pública a ideia de possuir uma matriz de governação política consistente. Designa-se social democrata mas afirma-se, frequentemente, liberal envergonhado. E é dessa conflitualidade de posições que resulta a permanente instabilidade, porque a ausência de uma matriz de ideias congregadoras é colmatada pela agregação à volta de uma liderança forte. E esta, nem sempre aparece.
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Comentário a um post de Clara Carneiro em Quarta República, onde, além do mais, é afirmado o seguinte:
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(...) Que o nosso patriotismo obrigue, agora e já, a centrar esforços numa "lufada" de credibilidade dum partido que nunca esteve ausente das grandes reformas no Portugal pós Abril, dum partido que traçou uma matriz ideológica e demarcou um espaço político que só ele preencherá (...)

Thursday, April 17, 2008

MAIS CRISE

Reports Offer Grim Picture of Economy
9 of 12 Regions Tell Fed Of Business Slowdown

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/16/AR2008041603513.html

By Neil Irwin
The economy is slowing across the nation, the home-building sector is tanking more than even the pessimists could have imagined a few months ago and prices keep rising at an uncomfortably high rate.

Those are the unpleasant conclusions of several government reports released yesterday that, together, offer a picture of a U.S. economy being squeezed from all directions.
"Today's news confirms a lot of what we've been hearing and how people have been feeling about the economy," said Mark Vitner, a senior economist at
Wachovia. "There is a clear case that the economy is lousy, but not a clear case that the economy is in recession."
The bad news was in line with economists' expectations and did not restrain a rally on
Wall Street.
Economic conditions have weakened almost across the board in the past six weeks, according to the "beige book," a compilation of anecdotal reports about business conditions from around the United States prepared by the
Federal Reserve.
Business has slowed in nine of the 12 regions in which the Fed divides the nation, and consumer spending was "softening across most of the country," the beige book said. The residential real estate and construction industry was "generally anemic," it said. Bright spots included the tourism sector, which has been buoyed by the weaker dollar, which is attracting visitors from abroad; agriculture, which is benefiting from high prices; and health-care businesses.
Industrial production, a key measure of the economy that is considered in deciding whether a recession has occurred, rose 0.3 percent last month, the Fed said in a separate report. However, the gain resulted from higher energy prices, which made the utilities' output appear higher. For the first three months of the year, manufacturing output was down 0.5 percent, consistent with a recession.
Also yesterday morning, the
Commerce Department said that builders started 11.9 percent fewer units of housing last month than in February, a remarkable decline. The number housing starts, a particularly useful indicator of building activity, was down 63 percent last month from its January 2006 peak, according to an analysis by consulting firm Global Insight.
Paradoxically, the sharper the decline in home construction, the better it could be for the economy in the long run. There is currently too much supply of houses nationwide, and the less construction there is, the sooner supply and demand will come back into balance. Indeed, demand for homes has dropped so much that even the current depressed level of construction may be too much.
"It's bad news as long as housing starts are falling less than demand," said Christian Menegatti, an analyst at RGE Monitor, an economics research firm.
Even as the economy is softening, the prices consumers pay are rising. Consumer prices were up 0.3 percent last month, the Labor Department said yesterday, driven by sharp increases in the prices of natural gas and heating oil. When volatile food and energy prices are excluded, prices rose 0.2 percent.
So far, businesses have resisted passing along the higher costs of their raw materials to consumers -- which is keeping "core inflation," or the increase in the prices of goods other than food and energy, within a zone that the Federal Reserve can live with.
"It's hard for them to pass along higher costs when the consumer is on the ropes," Menegatti said.
The beige book described the manufacturers' and service businesses' varying responses to inflation. "Most manufacturers have or are planning to increase prices in response to rising input costs," it said. "While the response of service firms has been more mixed, in part due to differences in competitive pressures."
Inflation pressures notwithstanding, the Federal Reserve has been aggressively cutting interest rates in the past seven months, dropping the federal funds rate by three percentage points, to 2.25 percent.
Leaders of the Fed do not want to cut that rate much further, as they want to save room for further cuts if the economy gets worse. The central bank is likely to cut the rate another quarter of a percentage point during its April 29 to 30 meeting, as suggested by trading in futures markets, with a smaller chance that it will cut by half of a percentage point.


E AGORA, ANTÓNIO?

O que fará António Borges, agora que L F Menezes desarvora? Continua de fora? O que fará Aguiar Branco de Santana, de quem foi Ministro da Justiça, se ganhar a liderança do partido? O que fará Rui Rio, suposto aliado de Branco na oposição a Menezes e Santana? O que fará Manuela Ferreira Leite, sempre aguardada e sempre retirada? O que fará Marcelo? O que fará Pacheco Pereira? Une-se ou parte-se ainda mais o partido (chamado) social democrata?
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O que fará o PSD? Define-se ou continua-se num populismo latente num deserto de ideias? Aposta em propostas ou aguarda a erosão do governo? É Menezes recauchutado ou muda de nome e é liberal assumido?
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Haverá oposição consistente ao governo ou a continuação de propostas desgarradas ao sabor das circunstâncias do momento? Afirma-se pela positiva ou continua a aposta na crítica sem alternativa?
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É tempo (há muito tempo que é tempo) da separação das águas. O PSD não pode, sob pena de continuar a ser o que ultimamente tem sido, deixar de apresentar um programa alternativo de governo para Portugal se quiser ser alternativa credível aos olhos dos portugueses. Se apostar na erosão deste governo, será governo um dia, mas terá muito que esperar.
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O presidente do PSD, Luís Filipe Menezes, anunciou hoj.e que vai solicitar, na próxima semana, ao Conselho Nacional do partido, a convocação de eleições directas para 24 de Maio, às quais não se vai candidatar.

"Vou solicitar, na próxima semana, ao Conselho Nacional, que convoque directas para 24 de Maio. Não estou na corrida", afirmou numa conferência de imprensa na sede do PSD em Lisboa, em que os jornalistas não tiveram direito a colocar perguntas.

"Reconheço que não consegui vencer estas contrariedades [críticas internas no partido] e assumo a inteira responsabilidade. Para mim chega, basta", sublinhou.

A conferência de imprensa teve lugar no mesmo dia em que o deputado Aguiar Branco declarou, em entrevista à revista Visão, que pretendia desafiar Luís Filipe Menezes na liderança do partido, garantindo ainda estar disponível para tentar derrotar José Sócrates nas legislativas de 2009
Na mesma entrevista, Aguiar Branco defendeu que, até ao final do ano e para não definhar, o PSD deveria ter um congresso e uma nova eleição para a liderança do partido.

VOTO DUPLO


As controvérsias recentes (mais algumas) que se levantaram com o panegírico de Jaime Gama a A. J. Jardim (o mesmo que cognominou AJ de Bokassa há alguns atrás) e a visita do PR à Madeira sem passagem pela Assembleia Regional, voltaram a colocar de um lado os que aplaudem a obra do chefe do governo madeirense e do outro os que lhe salientam o despotismo e a falta de civismo.
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A propósito, lembrei-me de uma ideia heterodoxa (uma entre muitas) de Steven E. Landsburg , também autor de "The Armchair Economist", de que julgo já haver tradução em português, em More Sex Is Safer Sex ,(que , há dias, citei aqui no Aliás) :
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Cada eleitor deveria dispor de dois votos em eleições municipais e regionais, que deveriam, neste caso, ocorrer em simultâneo. E para quê? Dispondo de dois votos, o eleitor poderia votar no município da sua residência habitual e noutro município à sua escolha. Com este segundo voto, cada eleitor teria uma palavra a dizer acerca das escolhas feitas em outros municípios onde o dinheiro dos impostos que ele paga servem, frequentemente, para realizar obras de fachada ou de compra de votos.
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Creio que, nestas condições, muitos eleitores do continente dedicariam o seu voto suplementar a secções de voto madeirenses.
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(Em post que escrevi logo nos começos deste blog sugeri uma proposta parecida mas com propósitos e razões diversas: a de que deveria cada eleitor votar nas eleições autárquicas nos municípios onde residisse ou pagasse impostos. Faz pouco sentido, do meu ponto de vista, que não possa um eleitor julgar com o seu voto o mandato daqueles que gerem os valores que também incluem impostos por ele pagos)

Wednesday, April 16, 2008

TO THE TOP AND MIDSIZE DOWN

Obama, Bitterness, Meet the Press, and the Old Politics

I was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, 61 years ago. My father sold $1.98 cotton blouses to blue-collar women and women whose husbands worked in factories. Years later, I was secretary of labor of the United States, and I tried the best I could – which wasn’t nearly good enough – to help reverse one of the most troublesome trends America has faced: The stagnation of middle-class wages and the expansion of poverty. Male hourly wages began to drop in the early 1970s, adjusted for inflation. The average man in his 30s is earning less than his father did thirty years ago. Yet America is far richer. Where did the money go? To the top.
Are Americans who have been left behind frustrated? Of course. And their frustrations, their anger and, yes, sometimes their bitterness, have been used since then -- by demagogues, by nationalists and xenophobes, by radical conservatives, by political nuts and fanatical fruitcakes – to blame immigrants and foreign traders, to blame blacks and the poor, to blame "liberal elites," to blame anyone and anything.Rather than counter all this, the American media have wallowed in it. Some, like Fox News and talk radio, have given the haters and blamers their very own megaphones. The rest have merely "reported on" it. Instead of focusing on how to get Americans good jobs again; instead of admitting too many of our schools are failing and our kids are falling behind their contemporaries in Europe, Japan, and even China; instead of showing why we need a more progressive tax system to finance better schools and access to health care, and green technologies that might create new manufacturing jobs, our national discussion has been mired in the old politics.
Listen to this morning’s “Meet the Press” if you want an example. Tim Russert, one of the smartest guys on television, interviewed four political consultants – Carville and Matalin, Bob Schrum, and Michael Murphy. Political consultants are paid huge sums to help politicians spin words and avoid real talk. They’re part of the problem. And what do Russert and these four consultants talk about? The potential damage to Barack Obama from saying that lots of people in Pennsylvania are bitter that the economy has left them behind; about HRC’s spin on Obama’s words (he’s an “elitist,” she said); and John McCain’s similarly puerile attack. Does Russert really believe he’s doing the nation a service for this parade of spin doctors talking about potential spins and the spin-offs from the words Obama used to state what everyone knows is true? Or is Russert merely in the business of selling TV airtime for a network that doesn’t give a hoot about its supposed commitment to the public interest but wants to up its ratings by pandering to the nation’s ongoing desire for gladiator entertainment instead of real talk about real problems.
We’re heading into the worst economic crisis in a half century or more. Many of the Americans who have been getting nowhere for decades are in even deeper trouble. Large numbers of people in Pennsylvania and across the nation are losing their homes and losing their jobs, and the situation is likely to grow worse. Consumers are at the end of their ropes, fuel and food costs are skyrocketing, they can’t go deeper into debt, they can’t pay their bills. They aren’t buying, which means every business from the auto industry to housing to even giant GE is hurting. Which means they’ll begin laying off more people, and as they do, we will experience an even more dangerous downward spiral. Bitter? You ain’t seen nothing yet. And as much as people like Russert, Carville, Matalin, Schrum, and Murphy want to divert our attention from what’s really happening; as much as HRC and McCain seek to make political hay out of choices of words that can be spun cynically by the mindless spinners of the old politics; as much as demagogues on the right and left continue to try to channel the cumulative frustrations of Americans into a politics of resentment – all these attempts will, I hope, prove futile. Eighty percent of Americans know the nation is on the wrong track. The old politics, and the old media that feeds it, are irrelevant now.

NEWSEUM



























A cidade de Washington conta, a partir da semana passada, com mais um novo museu: foi inaugurado na sexta-feira passada e é dedicado informação jornalística. Para além de um acervo incomparável de livros, documentos e objectos consagrados à liberdade de informação, o Newseum expõe dois testemunhos de atentados a essa mesma liberdade: blocos que fizeram parte do muro de berlim, os restos calcinados da estrura que encima uma das torres gémeas (foto do direita). Pelas suas características muito específicas, o Newseum ou se vê numa hora ou requer, pelo menos, um dia.

CONTOS AMERICANOS: FELIZMENTE, HÁ CRISE

Uma crise económica não tem apenas aspectos negativos. É em tempos de crise que os governos (dos estados e das empresas) são coagidos a tomar medidas de emagrecimento das suas estruturas e a procurar processos mais eficientes de produção e gestão. Acontece, parece, o mesmo com as pessoas, individualmente consideradas.
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Nos EUA, o crescimento percentual do número de obesos tem sido exponencial. No Estado da Geórgia, por exemplo, onde crescem as maiores searas de milho, o número de obesos passou nos últimos 10 anos de 9,5% da população para 21%. Causas: Haverá várias mas ninguém sabe ao certo qual a mais influente na generalização da obesidade . A alimentação em excesso será, certamente, responsável em muitos casos.
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Neste caso, a crise económica promete dar uma ajuda: Vendo os preços dos géneros alimentares a crescer mais do que, há muito tempo, era habitual, estão os restaurantes a reduzir as quantidades servidas de modo a minimizar o impacto do aumento dos ingredientes nos preços das ementas. Para iludir a redução das quantidades nos pratos a apresentação dos mesmos está adoptar a estética culinária francesa, tendencialmente petite.
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A bem da linha. Ainda que alguns passem a perder o jantar em dog bag.
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Objects on Your Plate May Be Smaller Than They Appear
In the last year, a few dozen chefs have come here to the test kitchen of Rastelli Foods, a wholesaler based near Philadelphia, in search of tips about how to trim portions -- preferably in ways that diners won't notice.
Like many in this business, Rastelli has developed an impressive bag of tricks, and one recent morning staff consultant John Roehm is sharing a few of them with the owner of Conley Ward's Steakhouse, a restaurant in
Wilmington, Del. Roehm focuses on the chops, which will soon be downsized in subtle ways, but he's got an idea about the shrimp cocktail, too.
"What you do is skewer the shrimp before you boil them," Roehm says. "It straightens them out so that when you serve them, they look bigger. Now you can buy a smaller, less expensive shrimp."
Pinched by soaring food costs on the one hand and a recession-fearing public on the other, the restaurant industry is getting crafty. Chefs are tinkering with recipes, swapping out expensive ingredients for cheaper ones. Managers are using behavioral science research to rejigger menus -- putting high-profit items in the top right-hand corner, for instance, where diners tend to look first.
And many restaurants are putting the great American portion -- a monstrosity by the standards of international cuisine -- on a diet, as surreptitiously as possible. Lots of restaurants are buying smaller plates to make the reduced servings look just as large, or lighter silverware so that even if there are fewer bites per serving, each bite feels heavier than usual on the fork. A la carte portions of high-priced dishes -- steaks, for example -- are getting pared back and surrounded by low-cost starches and vegetables.
"We've advised a lot of clients to switch from an eight-ounce filet to two three-ounce filets," says Rastelli Foods owner Ray Rastelli, who sells to 6,000 restaurants in the
New Jersey, New York and Delaware area. "They reduce their cost by 25 percent and they change the plate presentation, adding some strategically placed accouterments. It looks like more food and it actually costs less."
Some restaurants aren't bothering with the sleight of hand. At Lucky Devils in
Hollywood, the toasted pecan shake recently went from 18 ounces to 12 ounces, though the price didn't budge. At the Plumsted Grill in Cream Ridge, N.J., the filet mignon recently went from a 10-ounce to an eight-ounce portion.

Tuesday, April 15, 2008

CRISE EM CÂMARA LENTA



The great American slowdown

The recession may not be as severe as many fear, but the recovery could take longer—and that is dangerous
AMERICANS are unaccustomed to recessions, particularly ones that involve shopping less. During the past quarter-century, the world's most powerful economy has suffered only two official downturns, in 1990-91 and 2001. Both were short and shallow. In 2001 consumer spending barely skipped a beat; a decade earlier it fell, but only briefly. Buoyed by rising asset prices and financial innovations that allowed ever more people to tap ever more debt, the collective American wallet has not snapped shut in almost two decades.
That may be about to change. Evidence is mounting that the economy has slipped into recession—and this time consumer weakness is to the fore (see
article). The doughty American shopper is being pummelled by four things: the housing bust, the credit crunch, higher fuel and food costs and, most recently, a weakening labour market. The unemployment rate rose to 5.1% in March, while the private sector lost jobs for the fourth month in a row. Feeling poorer and with fewer people prepared to lend them money, consumers are cutting back: witness the slump in car sales. And seeing that consumer spending accounts for 70% of American demand, that hurts, especially when it is coupled with a collapse in the once mighty construction industry. The IMF now officially predicts an American recession in 2008; many at the Federal Reserve think output is contracting.
Shallow but lengthy: you could do a lot worse
There are two big questions about this downturn for America and the world: how long? And how deep? On the second count, there is room for guarded optimism: although American recessions have usually sent the world economy into a funk, this time the slowdown need not be so severe—especially for the emerging world. The economic tests instead may come from the length of this downturn: an America that stays sluggish for several years could cause all sorts of problems.

That is not to imply that a severe global slowdown is out of the question. The IMF reckons that there is a 25% chance of the world economy growing by less than 3% in 2008 and 2009, the equivalent of recession, in its view. The origins of this crisis lie in the biggest asset bubble in history; financial markets have already suffered arguably their biggest shock for 80 years; and America is not the only developed economy suffering (Britain's housing market, for instance, is showing the same symptoms as America's—see article). But so far at least there is little evidence that the world economy is falling off a cliff.
The pace of job losses in America has been mild compared with previous downturns, and there are a couple of reasons to suppose it will stay that way. The first is the activism of American policymakers. Congress started throwing money at the problem early, and a second fiscal stimulus is already being discussed (alongside a bail-out for the housing market). The Fed has slashed interest rates, promised more cuts if the economy stays weak and—perhaps most important—sharply reduced the odds of financial-market catastrophe by extending its safety net to investment banks.
The second is the changing structure of the world economy. The dynamism and resilience of emerging markets mean that America does not matter as much as it once did. The IMF expects global growth to fall from 4.9% in 2007 to 3.7% this year—hardly catastrophic. Moreover, these foreigners can now do a bit to cushion the blow for Americans: already global demand, coupled with a weak dollar, is boosting American exports. Meanwhile, some losses from America's housing bust have been borne abroad, although not without pain.
With these props, America can avoid a deep slump, but don't expect a vigorous recovery. Spending will be supported by tax rebates in the second half of the year, but the hangover from the housing bust will linger much longer. Judging by the experience of other rich countries that have suffered financial crises spawned by housing busts, such as Sweden and Norway in the early 1990s, weak balance sheets will weigh on consumers' spending for years rather than months. The 2008 recession may be mild, but the 2009 recovery will be feeble.

Beware the slithering snail
If the world economy's biggest problem turns out to be America remaining snail-like for longer than most people expect, many will breathe a sigh of relief. Given the scale of the financial mess, it could be a lot worse. You can even argue that after five years of breakneck growth, a more sedate global expansion would be no bad thing: it would dampen inflationary pressures in the emerging world, and weaker domestic demand should shrink America's gaping external deficit—already down from above 6% of GDP to below 5%.
But that is about as far as optimism can take you. The main fear is that the rest of the world proves less resilient than now seems likely: commodity exporters, say, may rely on American demand less than they did, but are hardly cut off from it. The weak dollar also causes problems. Importing America's loose monetary policy will become harder to sustain for countries, such as the Gulf states, that peg their currencies to the greenback. They will need to let their exchange rates rise.
Politics too can do plenty of damage. A sluggish America next year will be a hard inheritance for the next president. With the budget deficit rising, big domestic reforms, such as expanding health-care coverage, will become more difficult; with a fragile economy, the Democrats, if they get in, may have to rethink their plan to roll back George Bush's tax cuts.
And do not forget populism and protectionism. Already eight out of ten Americans say their country is on the wrong track. A protracted malaise will spawn an angry search for scapegoats. Even though free trade is helping save Americans from a worse downturn, Mr Bush is struggling to get a trade deal with Colombia through Congress (
see article): heaven help the Doha round. Meanwhile, the momentum to re-regulate financial markets and punish the oil industry, credit-card firms or indeed any other malefactors of great wealth will grow. The great American slowdown may be less calamitous than many people fear; but it is fraught with dangers.

ANÚNCIOS DA CRISE

O FMI reviu em baixa o crescimento económico mundial, o de Portugal não poderia deixar de ser arrastado pela enxurrada provocada pela crise. A OCDE fez o mesmo. Há cada vez mais gente a anunciar a chegada da crise, que já chegou e da que vai chegar. Com tanta gente a clamar que a crise anda por aí, por todo o lado, que pode fazer o cidadão comum? Encolhe-se. Dizem-lhe que caiu no buraco, que provavelmente irá cair ainda mais, ninguém lhe diz como sair dele.
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Em Portugal, o Governo não revê as previsões de crescimento, em baixa, nem as do défice, em alta. Insurge-se a Oposição, reclamando revisão dos valores. Para quê? Já referi várias vezes aqui no Aliás que não sei para quê, e ainda não encontrei resposta ainda que a tenha provocado.
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No Quarta República, Tavares Moreira que tem denunciado várias vezes já a não revisão das previsões de inflação, Miguel Frasquilho, que reclama a revisão em baixa das previsões de crescimento do PIB e Pinho Cardão que denuncia a não revisão do défice, resumem o clamor mais geral contra a obstinação do governo. Percebo a necessidade de transparência das contas do Estado, não percebo esta premência de revisão de previsões. Tanto mais que se não forem as previsões cumpridas mais responsabilizado será o Governo pelo incumprimento.
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Pela minha parte, continuo a pensar que se tanta gente clama que há crise a lei de Murphy cumprir-se-á: vai haver crise.
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Admitamos que o governo revê em baixa o PIB e em alta o défice.
Muda-se, só por isso, alguma coisa, para além dos valores destes indicadores, aliás previsionais?
Poderia lembrar que o FMI se tem enganado muitas vezes e do seu curriculum constam muitos casos de desaires económicos em consequência das suas recomendações. Mas não vou por aí.
Vamos, então, assumir que o governo revê em baixa as previsões do PIB e em alta as do défice. Que deve fazer a seguir? Cortar na despesa, ajustando à nova conjuntura, e, provavelmente contraindo ainda mais a economia?Baixar os impostos? Esta tem sido a única medida que tenho ouvido como proposta. (...) é tempo de o fazer?(...)
A Oposição tem feito muitos disparates ultimamente. O maior disparate, contudo, e falo neste caso da Oposição à direita do PS, tem sido o de não deixar o governo fazer o "dirty job" de limpar convenientemente as finanças públicas e a função pública. O Ministro da Saúde (o anterior) saiu e a Oposição de direita deu o seu empurrão, a Ministra da Educação, ainda não saiu mas retraiu, porque a Oposição anda a empurrá-la alinhando demagogicamente com o sindicatos. Se a Oposição à direita fosse minimamente inteligente deixava (e até apoiava discretamente) o trabalho de limpesa que é necessário fazer e que ela não soube, não quis ou não pôde fazer quando foi poder.
Se caímos no buraco ganhamos alguma coisa em gritar, aqui d´el rei que caímos no buraco? E se caímos no buraco saímos dele puxando para baixo quem se esforça por chegar lá acima?
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(...) Um tipo está a pescar caranguejos que coloca dentro de um balde. Passa um vizinho e, vendo que o balde está aberto, pergunta ao pescador de caranguejos se ele não receia que os bichos saltem cá para fora.Responde o pescador de caranguejos: Não senhor, são caranguejos portugueses; se algum deles pensa trepar para sair do balde os outros puxam-no para baixo.
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Tal e qual a Oposição em Portugal.

Monday, April 14, 2008

ALTERNATIVAS





Energy Boost
Solar and Wind Businesses Powered by Tax Breaks

For Tony Clifford, president of Standard Solar, the threats of climate change and high energy prices have been great for business. His Gaithersburg firm, which installs solar panels for homes, has tripled its revenue in the past year and raised new funds for expansion.
Last week, he got another piece of good news. The Senate agreed to extend solar and wind energy tax breaks as part of a housing bill that is likely to win approval in the House. An elimination of the tax incentives would have been a blow to Clifford's business, forcing him to cut his staff of 20 and tell subcontractors he no longer needed them.
"We just raised $3.5 million in new capital with the expectation that the incentives were going to get extended," Clifford said. "If the [federal tax breaks] do not happen, that's going to be a significant disincentive for a lot of venture capital."
Although the solar business is booming across the United States, federal tax incentives remain key to fueling the industry's continued growth, utilities and solar firms say. Solar energy is still more expensive than more conventional sources, such as coal or natural gas, and is likely to remain so for a few years.
But solar costs are coming down while coal and gas plant construction costs are going up, and the solar industry says the eight-year extension of tax breaks in the Senate legislation would help create a cleaner, more reliable source of energy.
For 31 years, the federal government has subsidized new wind and solar projects. A tax break that provides up to 30 cents on every dollar it costs to build solar facilities and one for operating wind turbines are set to expire this year. The Senate last week voted to renew them. Now, proponents are pressing the House, which passed a stand-alone tax package with similar extensions, to do the same.
Sens.
Maria Cantwell (D-Wash.) and John Ensign (R-Nev.) sponsored the renewable energy tax incentives as an amendment to a housing bill last week. The measure provides up to $500 for consumers to install energy-efficient products in their homes and extends a production tax credit for electricity produced from wind, solar and other renewable sources. Businesses that manufacture and install solar or photovoltaic fuel cells would get a 30 percent investment tax credit.
"We are not only providing certainty to these industries, infusing money into our economy, but creating high-paying, long-term jobs to help Americans get through these tough economic times," Cantwell said.
This makes bankers, solar panel and wind turbine manufacturers, and contractors happy. Without the subsidies, they say, companies would start putting projects on hold, freezing contractors out of the new work and companies and governments out of ways to buy more clean technology.
Indeed, in February, Arizona Public Service Co. announced its intention to build a 280 megawatt solar installation using parabolic mirrors to concentrate heat and steam turbines to generate electricity. But the plant needs regulatory approval and isn't expected to come online until 2011. Don Robinson, the utility's senior vice president of planning and administration, said the plant will be built only if the federal tax incentives are extended.
The alternative-energy industry has learned not to take the tax credits for granted. The wind industry, for instance, has had its production tax credits lapse three times -- in 1999, 2001 and 2003. According to the American Wind Energy Association, new installed wind capacity declined 93, 73 and 77 percent, respectively.
Matt Cheney is chief executive of MMA Renewable Ventures, a subsidiary of
Baltimore-based Municipal Mortgage & Equity, a real estate investment company that finances and invests in facilities that generate renewable energy. He said the wind-power industry can handle such funding uncertainty a little better than the solar industry can because wind facilities receive a production tax credit that is not an upfront incentive but is applied over the time the facility operates.

O TRABALHO NÃO É PARA VELHOS

De vez em quando ouvimos ou lemos uma alma condoída com a sorte dos velhos desocupados, e vem-nos à ideia o versículo bíblico que penitencia o pecado original com o a obrigação de ganhar o homem o pão com o suor do seu rosto. A mim, sempre me pareceu que não pode a bondade divina consentir que uma pena, mesmo que para alguns seja leve, não se extinga com o decorrer do tempo. É natural, portanto, que ao fim de milénios de expiação a humanidade caminhe, finalmente para a libertação e a desfrute no jardim das delícias onde os frutos abundarão sem ninguém seja obrigado a semear para colher. A curto prazo, e enquanto a alforria não abranger todos, percebe-se que os mais velhos tenham direito a sentar-se descansados à porta do jardim delicioso. Ao assunto já dediquei alguns post aqui, no Aliás, mas, sendo interessante e muito abordado, nunca é demais voltar a ele.
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Também eu aplaudo as propostas (acerca do assunto: Envelhecimento activo : mudança de mentalidade ) de Margarida Corrêa de Aguiar no Quarta República, mas tenho as maiores dúvidas que sejam exequíveis.

A questão é altamente complexa e, lamentavelmente, do meu ponto de vista, não tem solução no campo das boas intenções.

O trabalho, com a configuração que hoje o entendemos, tenderá a reduzir-se em consequência do aumento da produtividade: a mais produção corresponderá menor emprego em termos relativos.

Há quem, apontando para o passado recente, afirme que tem acontecido o contrário: a mais produtividade corresponde maior emprego. O que é verdade, mas só aparentemente. E só aparentemente, porque a produtividade é um conceito subtil e frequentemente ilude o observador se ele toma como período de análise um período de forte evolução tecnológica quando os efeitos dessa mesma evolução ainda estão por se repercutir em pleno.

Se admitirmos que o homem tem demonstrado capacidades antes insuspeitas para aumentar a produção mas também o consumo, (...) , temos também de admitir que a capacidade para consumir tem limites inultrapassáveis: as 24 horas do dia.

Assim sendo, inexoravelmente, a oferta de trabalho está limitada ao aumento das possibilidades de crescimento do consumo.

É inevitável, portanto, o decréscimo do emprego (em termos relativos) para as produções consumíveis. A menos que se produza para desperdício ( e a economia já se sustenta hoje em grande parte nesta fuga para a frente) ou se observa um cataclismo que obrigue a uma reconstrução em larga escala.

Quando ouço pessoas referirem o excesso de horários de trabalho observados na banca, por exemplo, não posso deixar de pensar nos tempos, não tão longínquos assim, em que a generalidade das pessoas trabalhava de sol a sol.

Se tomarmos o caso da banca, como exemplo, da tendência futura do emprego, a situação não é risonha para a oferta de trabalho: Hoje é possível conceber um grande banco a funcionar com um número reduzidíssimo de empregados.

O trabalho tende a ser um "bem escasso" e eu costumo dizer aos meus amigos que um dia quem quiser trabalhar tem de pagar. Por agora, ainda não é assim, salvo casos muito pontuais.

Em todo o caso num mundo em que o emprego escasseia, o trabalho não é para velhos. Oxalá dê para os novos.

Dizendo isto não digo que a questão não coloque problemas sociais cada vez mais difíceis. O que não sei é como se encontra solução.
Salvo os casos de ocupação em regime de voluntariado que não colidam com procura de emprego por parte de mais jovens.