Thursday, December 10, 2015
O BANIF POR UM CHAVO
Friday, February 15, 2013
UM INVESTIMENTO ARRISCADO
Saturday, January 12, 2013
LÁ VAI BARÃO! *
Pois podem. Mas não deveriam os gestores públicos ser autorizados a subscrever contratos que se sustentem em previsões de evolução de taxas de juro ou de câmbios a longo prazo. O risco assumido em nome da República não deveria nunca ser delegado pelo Instituto incumbido pela gestão da dívida pública. Se há funções que devem ser centralizadas, porque só desse modo podem ser minimizados os riscos globais dos contribuintes, a gestão de riscos financeiros é indiscutivelmente uma delas. Ninguém tem o condão de adivinhar os caprichos dos mercados financeiros e os senhores gestores das empresas públicas muitas vezes nem sequer percebem da poda fundamental que os incumbiram: gerir eficientemente os meios materiais e humanos dessas organizações, sem independência financeira se elas não forem estruturalmente financeiramente auto suficientes.De outro modo, não acabarão nunca os buracos nem os buracos deixarão de alargar-se, sempre, evidentemente, por conta dos contribuintes e a inimputabilidade dos culpados.
Contadas as perdas certas e as contigentes resultantes da nacionalização do buraco sem fundo à vista que se chamou BPN, das recapitalizações em vias de nacionalizações do Banif e do BCP, dos fundos perdidos na Caixa, nos avales prestados em empréstimos contraídos pelos mesmos sorvedouros, os prejuízos imparáveis das empresas públicas, sobretudo mas não só, de transportes, alguns dos quais não estão ainda reconhecidos no défice nem na dívida pública, é, no mínimo, revoltante, que na procura de meios que cubram os famigerados 4,4 mil milhões da ordem do dia se ignore esta carga, que os excede várias vezes, como se fosse uma fatalidade sem remédio.
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* Modificado.
"Lá vai barão!" era uma expressão brasileira satirizada por Jô Soares nos anos 80 do século passado, e significava esbanjamento dos dinheiros públicos. Nas notas de 1000 cruzeiros, rapidamente desvalorizados pela inflação galopante, figurava a esfígie do barão do Rio Branco.
Friday, April 16, 2010
UMA QUESTÃO POLÉMICA?
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The Portuguese Economy: The elusive source of Portugal's depression: privatizations?
Ricardo Reis
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Monday, January 11, 2010
BANCOS VERDES
Das tuas várias propostas, para não alongar demasiadamente a minha apreciação, destaco uma: A nacionalização da banca, à excepção da banca de retalho.
Não vejo que a solução seja a nacionalização da banca de investimento. A captura do Estado é tanto mais facilitada e frequente quanto maior for o Estado. Só há captura do que existe e, sobretudo, só há capturado que, na perspectiva dos captores, vale a pena capturar. Mais Estado, mais captura.
Proponho a identificação obrigatória dos bancos "vermelhos" (se quiseres chama-lhe negros, cinzentos ou amarelos, a cor pouco importa, desde que não seja verde ou parecido) que seriam aqueles que teriam nos seus estatutos concedida a faculdade de realizarem todas as operações financeiras, incluindo a ligação a off shores. Por oposição, existiriam os "verdes" que se auto excluiriam de operações financeiras especulativas e, nomeadamente, a ligação a offshores. Os depositantes deste últimos teriam a cobertura do Estado em caso de crise financeira iminente, os dos outros não. Se esta lei já existisseos depositantes do BPN e do BPP não teriam nada a reclamar. Dir-me-ás: Os outros bancos faziam quase o mesmo. Pois bem: é fundamental que aqueles que recorrem à banca, e é difícil não recorrer a um deles, saibam o que eles podem fazer ou não não podem fazer com as nossas economias.
Nunca fui bancário. Muito provavelmente algum senão crítico estará a passar despercebido por detrás da minha ingenuidade.
Tu, que fizeste carreira na banca, o que é que dizes a esta minha proposta?
Sunday, March 08, 2009
CONTRA AS NACIONALIZAÇÕES DOS BANCOS
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Anti-nationalization arguments
A quick note (quick because I’m on deadline for the column) on several arguments out there:
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Read more…
Wednesday, March 04, 2009
BANANA
In 1978, Alfred Kahn, an adviser on inflation to President Jimmy Carter, used the word “depression”. So angry was the president that Mr Kahn started to call it “banana” instead. But the recession Mr Kahn foretold happened all the same. The same may well happen with nationalisation. Indeed, it already has: how else is one to describe the actions of the federal government in relation to Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, AIG and increasingly Citigroup? Is nationalisation not already the big financial banana?
Much of the debate is semantic. But underneath it are at least two big issues. Who bears losses? How does one best restructure banks?
Banks are us. Often the debate is conducted as if they can be punished at no cost to ordinary people. But if they have made losses, someone has to bear them. In effect, the decision has been to make taxpayers bear losses that should fall on creditors. Some argue that shareholders should be rescued, too. But, rightly, this has not happened: share prices have indeed collapsed. That is what shareholders are for.
Yet the overwhelming bulk of banking assets are financed through borrowing, not equity. Thus the decision to keep creditors whole has huge implications. If we accept Mr Bernanke’s definition of “nationalisation” as a decision to “wipe out private shareholders”, we can call this activity “socialisation”.
What are its pros and cons?
The biggest cons are two. First, loss-socialisation lowers the funding costs of mega-banks, thereby selectively subsidising their balance sheets. This, in turn, exacerbates the “too big to fail” problem. Second, it leaves shareholders with an option on the upside and, at current market values, next to no risk on the downside. That will motivate “going for broke”. So loss-socialisation increases the need to control management. The four biggest US commercial banks – JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup, Bank of America and Wells Fargo – possess 64 per cent of the assets of US commercial banks (see chart). If creditors of these businesses cannot suffer significant losses, this is not much of a market economy.

The second big issue is how to restructure banks. One point is clear: once one has decided to rescue creditors, recapitalisation can no longer come from the debt-into-equity swaps normal in bankruptcies.
This leaves one with government capital or private capital. In practice, both possibilities are at least partially blocked in the US: the former by political anger; the latter by a wide range of uncertainties – over the valuation of bad assets, future treatment of shareholders and the likely path of the economy. This makes the “zombie bank” alternative, condemned by Mr Baker in the FT on March 2, a likely outcome. Alas, such undercapitalised banking zombies also find it hard to recognise losses or expand their lending.
The US Treasury’s response is its “stress-testing” exercise. All 19 banks with assets of more than $100bn are included. They are asked to estimate losses under two scenarios, the worse of which assumes, quite optimistically, that the biggest fall in gross domestic product will be a 4 per cent year-on-year decline in the second and third quarters of 2009 (see chart). Supervisors will decide whether additional capital is needed. Institutions needing more capital will issue a convertible preferred security to the Treasury in a sufficient amount and will have up to six months to raise private capital. If they fail, convertible securities will be turned into equity on an “as-needed basis”.
This, then, is loss-socialisation in action – it guarantees a public buffer to protect creditors. This could end up giving the government a controlling shareholding in some institutions: Citigroup, for example. But, say the quibblers, this is not nationalisation.
What then are the pros and cons of this approach, compared with taking institutions over outright? Douglas Elliott of the Brookings Institution analyses this question in an intriguing paper. Part of the answer, he suggests, is that it is unclear whether banks are insolvent. If Nouriel Roubini of the Stern School in New York were to be right (as he has been hitherto), they are. If not, then they are not (see chart). Professor Roubini has suggested, for this reason, that it would be best to wait six months by when, in his view, the difficulty of distinguishing between solvent and insolvent institutions will have gone; they will all be seen to be grossly undercapitalised.
In those circumstances, the idea of “nationalisation” should be seen as a synonym for “restructuring”. Few believe banks would be best managed by the government indefinitely (though recent performance gives some pause). The advantage of nationalisation, then, is that it would allow restructuring of assets and liabilities into “good” and “bad” banks. The big disadvantages are inherent in organising the takeover and then the restructuring of such complex institutions.
If it is impossible to impose losses on creditors, the state could well own huge banks for a long time before it is able to return them to the market. The largest bank restructuring undertaken by the US, before last year, was that of Continental Illinois, seized in 1984. It was then the seventh largest bank and yet it took a decade. How long might the restructuring and sale of Citigroup take, with its huge global entanglements? What damage to its franchise and operations might be done in the process?
We are painfully learning that the world’s mega-banks are too complex to manage, too big to fail and too hard to restructure. Nobody would wish to start from here. But, as worries in the stock market show, banks must be fixed, in an orderly and systematic way. The stress tests should be tougher than now planned. Recapitalisation must then occur. Call it a banana if you want. But bank restructuring itself must begin.
ACERCA DA NACIONALIZAÇÃO DOS BANCOS
Fresh stimulus expected in China
Tuesday, February 24, 2009
SEM ALTERNATIVA?
The Los Angeles Times leads with, and the Wall Street Journal gives big play to, yesterday's plunge in the U.S. stock market as major indexes fell to levels not seen since 1997. The Dow Jones industrial average dropped 3.4 percent and the Standard & Poor's 500 index fell 3.5 percent as the losses spread to sectors that had been doing relatively well amid the ongoing turmoil. USA Today leads with a new poll that found a majority of Americans support plans to help struggling individuals but oppose bailouts for companies. Although a slim majority thinks the plan to help homeowners is "unfair," 59 percent say it is "necessary." The WSJ leads its worldwide newsbox with President Obama promising that his administration will move to tackle the country's growing deficit. After holding a "fiscal responsibility summit" with members of both parties, Obama said that "we cannot simply spend as we please and defer the consequences to the next budget." As the administration prepares to unveil its budget Thursday, the president also announced that the White House will host a summit on health care next week.
To continue reading, click here.
Economic State of the Union
Fourteen months into a downturn that appears to be deepening, President Obama will address a joint session of Congress to speak about the health of the U.S. economy.
Thursday, February 19, 2009
TOO LITTLE?
What is needed? The answer is: focus and ferocity. If Mr Obama does not fix this crisis, all he hopes from his presidency will be lost. If he does, he can reshape the agenda. Hoping for the best is foolish. He should expect the worst and act accordingly.
Yet hoping for the best is what one sees in the stimulus programme and – so far as I can judge from Tuesday’s sketchy announcement by Tim Geithner, Treasury secretary – also in the new plans for fixing the banking system. I commented on the former last week. I would merely add that it is extraordinary that a popular new president, confronting a once-in-80-years’ economic crisis, has let Congress shape the outcome.
The banking programme seems to be yet another child of the failed interventions of the past one and a half years: optimistic and indecisive. If this “progeny of the troubled asset relief programme” fails, Mr Obama’s credibility will be ruined. Now is the time for action that seems close to certain to resolve the problem; this, however, does not seem to be it.
All along two contrasting views have been held on what ails the financial system. The first is that this is essentially a panic. The second is that this is a problem of insolvency.
Under the first view, the prices of a defined set of “toxic assets” have been driven below their long-run value and in some cases have become impossible to sell. The solution, many suggest, is for governments to make a market, buy assets or insure banks against losses. This was the rationale for the original Tarp and the “super-SIV (special investment vehicle)” proposed by Henry (Hank) Paulson, the previous Treasury secretary, in 2007.
Under the second view, a sizeable proportion of financial institutions are insolvent: their assets are, under plausible assumptions, worth less than their liabilities. The International Monetary Fund argues that potential losses on US-originated credit assets alone are now $2,200bn (€1,700bn, £1,500bn), up from $1,400bn just last October. This is almost identical to the latest estimates from Goldman Sachs. In recent comments to the Financial Times, Nouriel Roubini of RGE Monitor and the Stern School of New York University estimates peak losses on US-generated assets at $3,600bn. Fortunately for the US, half of these losses will fall abroad. But, the rest of the world will strike back: as the world economy implodes, huge losses abroad – on sovereign, housing and corporate debt – will surely fall on US institutions, with dire effects.
Personally, I have little doubt that the second view is correct and, as the world economy deteriorates, will become ever more so. But this is not the heart of the matter. That is whether, in the presence of such uncertainty, it can be right to base policy on hoping for the best. The answer is clear: rational policymakers must assume the worst. If this proved pessimistic, they would end up with an over-capitalised financial system. If the optimistic choice turned out to be wrong, they would have zombie banks and a discredited government. This choice is surely a “no brainer”.
The new plan seems to make sense if and only if the principal problem is illiquidity. Offering guarantees and buying some portion of the toxic assets, while limiting new capital injections to less than the $350bn left in the Tarp, cannot deal with the insolvency problem identified by informed observers. Indeed, any toxic asset purchase or guarantee programme must be an ineffective, inefficient and inequitable way to rescue inadequately capitalised financial institutions: ineffective, because the government must buy vast amounts of doubtful assets at excessive prices or provide over-generous guarantees, to render insolvent banks solvent; inefficient, because big capital injections or conversion of debt into equity are better ways to recapitalise banks; and inequitable, because big subsidies would go to failed institutions and private buyers of bad assets.
Why then is the administration making what appears to be a blunder? It may be that it is hoping for the best. But it also seems it has set itself the wrong question. It has not asked what needs to be done to be sure of a solution. It has asked itself, instead, what is the best it can do given three arbitrary, self-imposed constraints: no nationalisation; no losses for bondholders; and no more money from Congress. Yet why does a new administration, confronting a huge crisis, not try to change the terms of debate? This timidity is depressing. Trying to make up for this mistake by imposing pettifogging conditions on assisted institutions is more likely to compound the error than to reduce it.
Assume that the problem is insolvency and the modest market value of US commercial banks (about $400bn) derives from government support (see charts). Assume, too, that it is impossible to raise large amounts of private capital today. Then there has to be recapitalisation in one of the two ways indicated above. Both have disadvantages: government recapitalisation is a bail-out of creditors and involves temporary state administration; debt-for-equity swaps would damage bond markets, insurance companies and pension funds. But the choice is inescapable.
If Mr Geithner or Lawrence Summers, head of the national economic council, were advising the US as a foreign country, they would point this out, brutally. Dominique Strauss-Kahn, IMF managing director, said the same thing, very gently, in Malaysia last Saturday.
The correct advice remains the one the US gave the Japanese and others during the 1990s: admit reality, restructure banks and, above all, slay zombie institutions at once. It is an important, but secondary, question whether the right answer is to create new “good banks”, leaving old bad banks to perish, as my colleague, Willem Buiter, recommends, or new “bad banks”, leaving cleansed old banks to survive. I also am inclined to the former, because the culture of the old banks seems so toxic.
By asking the wrong question, Mr Obama is taking a huge gamble. He should have resolved to cleanse these Augean banking stables. He needs to rethink, if it is not already too late.
A CAIXA
Monday, February 16, 2009
À SUECA
Matthew Richardson and Nouriel Roubini
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The subprime mortgage mess alone does not force our hand; the $1.2 trillion it involves is just the beginning of the problem. Another $7 trillion -- including commercial real estate loans, consumer credit-card debt and high-yield bonds and leveraged loans -- is at risk of losing much of its value. Then there are trillions more in high-grade corporate bonds and loans and jumbo prime mortgages, whose worth will also drop precipitously as the recession deepens and more firms and households default on their loans and mortgages.
Thursday, January 29, 2009
IT ALL DEPENDS ON
Tim Geitner said today, in response to questions about the prospect of bank nationalization, that the Treasury is considering a range of options with the intent of preserving the private banking system. “We have a financial system that is run by private shareholders, managed by private institutions, and we’d like to do our best to preserve that system,” he told reporters.
Sunday, January 25, 2009
A ORDEM DO DIA
Are UK banks too big to rescue?
By Martin Wolf
Is the British government on the right path with its recent package of measures to help the banking sector or, as Mervyn King, governor of the Bank of England, put it this week, “to protect the economy from the banks”? The question, in truth, is not only whether the measures will work, but whether the UK can afford them.
Thursday, January 22, 2009
UPSIDE DOWN
O que é que pretende um investidor como Joe Berardo quando "considera que os governantes terão de regressar às nacionalizações para salvar empregos?"
Nacionalizações da banca, do BCP, por exemplo, onde Berardo tem uma participação relevante?
No rescaldo das nacionalizações que se seguiram ao 11 de Março de 1975, recordo-me de alguns empresários terem sugerido ao governo a nacionalização das suas empresas por não conseguirem suportar as condições que a conjuntura lhes impunha, nomeadamente as reivindicações sindicais (das comissões de trabalhadores, sobretudo).
Para outros, as nacionalizações apareceram como uma oportunidade para se desvincularem de projectos que mais tarde ou mais cedo falhariam por, já antes de 25 Abril de 74, estarem condenados.
A maior parte, contudo, viu nas nacionalizações um roubo.
Em que grupo teremos de considerar Joe Berardo? No último, não, seguramente, uma vez que ele próprio considera que as nacionalizações são imperativas para salvar empregos.
A menos que, como o compadre alentejano, considere que as nacionalizações dos bois são boas e recomendam-se se forem nacionalizados os bois dos outros.
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Joe Berardo: "Tudo o que aprendi até agora foi por água abaixo"
Joe Berardo diz que a crise financeira veio pôr em causa tudo que aprendeu em décadas de investimentos. Teve de renegociar as garantias e recorrer às reservas pessoais. Sobre os negócios, vê com bons olhos a fusão da Zon e da Sonaecom, e considera que os governantes terão de regressar às nacionalizações para salvar empregos.