Tuesday, December 31, 2024
DOM CAMARÃO
Monday, December 09, 2024
LUZES DE NATAL
A continuidade do Aliás depende do seu merecimento, avaliado por comentários, críticas, sugestões, correcções, de quem o lê.
---
Há dezoito anos, em 4 de Janeiro de 2006, coloquei neste caderno de apontamentos - O MUNDO EMBUCHADO - alguns comentários a propósito do consumo de energia em Portugal, tendo como ponto de partida o delírio das iluminações natalícias em Lisboa e as discretas luzes de Natal que observava em Washington DC, onde me encontrava nessa altura.
Tuesday, January 09, 2024
Saturday, September 10, 2022
O VALOR ECONÓMICO E ESTRATÉGICO DA CACA
Falando da nossa caca, é um artigo de Jorge Almeida Fernandes, no Público de anteontem.
Transcrevo parte e concluo com informação que recebi de fonte fidedigna sobre o que é afirmado na parte final do artigo de JAF
"Olhemos dois números. Há 8015 mil milhões de seres humanos. E cada habitante do planeta produz diariamente 450 gramas de fezes. Que lhe fazemos? Não é um assunto repugnante que deva ser silenciado por tabus ou preconceitos. É uma questão de saúde pública, de ecologia e agricultura. Hoje, queremos livrar-nos das fezes. No Japão eram objecto de cobiça e foram o segredo da sua alta produtividade agrícola.
Parto de uma investigação da BBC, da jornalista Lina Zelnovich: "Por que é tempo de falar sobre a nossa caca". Os restos dos nutrientes humanos são desperdiçados, remetidos para os nossos oceanos e aterros sanitários em vez de serem devolvidos ao solo. As nossas fezes são um poderosíssimo fertilizante. Os cereais, a fruta e as verduras que comemos estão cheios de substâncias nutrientes, como azoto, fósforo, potássio e muitos outros. ...
Há hoje dispositivos para uso doméstico, que reciclam as fezes e limpam a água de factores patogénicos, permitindo, por exemplo, adubar e regar jardins. E há experiências em maior escala. A DC Water, de Washington, trata de forma inovadora toda a caca dos habitantes da capital americana, produzindo um fertilizante sólido, vendido por uma instituição sem fins lucrativos.
Mas é uma gota de água à escala mundial. E, como era de esperar, a sua aplicação na agricultura tem pela frente um poderoso lobby: a indústria de fertilizantes. Só pela força das crises se fará esta revolução: à terra o que vem da terra."
Sim, é verdade.
Melhor ainda - não é só em DC- mas DC Water é provavelmente a maior entidade que tem esse programa. Inicialmente, DC Water oferecia o fertilizante a quem o quisesse ir buscar porque mandar o fertilizante para os aterros é mais caro. Mas a realidade económica mostra que as pessoas valorizam mais o que lhes custa comprar, e poucos se dirigiam às estações de tratamento para levantar os fertilizantes que necessitavam.
Foi, então, criada empresa que comercializa, embalando e distribuindo a preço conveniente. Está a ser bem sucedida.
Tuesday, September 21, 2021
GOLPE NA GALP
“Há oito meses que apelamos a que o primeiro-ministro venha a terreiro assumir a defesa da refinaria e dos postos de trabalho”, disse ao PÚBLICO Hélder Guerreiro. “Enviámos n cartas, pedimos n reuniões, ao primeiro-ministro e ao Presidente da República, e nada”, lamentou.
Agora, sobre as críticas à Galp em pleno comício de apoio à recandidatura de Luísa Salgueiro, Hélder Guerreiro defende que António Costa “cole as palavras aos actos” e exija a reversão do encerramento da refinaria. “Sejam campanha [as palavras] ou não, não se lhes pode negar um significado verdadeiro, mas agora é preciso concretizar”, afirmou.
Um trabalhador contactado pelo PÚBLICO garante que as palavras do primeiro-ministro na noite de domingo deixaram “as pessoas mais estupefactas e mais indignadas do que já estavam, porque quem não conhece a história até poderia pensar que não teve nada a ver com o assunto”.
“Se havia alguém que podia ter mandado parar tudo e analisar as coisas era ele [Costa]”, acrescentou.
Monday, October 19, 2015
VIAS DE PORTUGAL
À entrada no IC 19, do lado contrário, num cartaz idêntico, a Infraestruturas de Portugal, agradece e convida o automobilista a voltar novamente.
Mensagens insólitas e inúteis para quem, e são muitos milhares de utentes, anda cansado naquele vai e volta diário.
Para quê?
Haverá, agora, espalhados por cada troço de via férrea ou rodovia de norte a sul do país, cartazes destes? Duvido.
150 mil euros não darão para muitos cartazes.
Dariam, isso sim, para mandar arranjar alguns troços de estrada em condições miseráveis há anos.
Demagogia!, dirão os autores e aproveitadores dos cartazes, mas não arranjam as estradas.
É muito mais colocar cartazes que remendar estradas estragadas.
---
Monday, September 07, 2015
O PREÇO DO VERDE
Monday, June 03, 2013
HOLD THE LINE
.
.
.
.
.
.
Tuesday, June 05, 2012
Monday, August 30, 2010
O JOGO DAS ESCONDIDAS
Friday, May 07, 2010
A LEI É MOLE
Sunday, December 20, 2009
BO NA NEVE

Record snowfall hits Washington
A Portuguese snow dog? Bo, the Obama family pup, sits in the snow outside of the Brady Briefing Room of the White House.
Snowball fun gets serious when cop pulls gun
Latest weather updates PHOTOS VIDEO
Post reader photos Submit your own
Tuesday, December 15, 2009
Wednesday, October 07, 2009
Saturday, August 01, 2009
A JUSTIÇA DO TEMPO
Thursday, September 18, 2008
A CRÍTICA E O MISTÉRIO DA AGRICULTURA
.
Friday, August 22, 2008
ECONOMIA DA ÁGUA - 2
Each Briton uses 4,645 litres a day when hidden factors are included•
Felicity Lawrence • The Guardian, • Wednesday August 20 2008 • Article history
Thursday, August 21, 2008
ECONOMIA DA ÁGUA
ECONOMIA DA ALIMENTAÇÃO

Feeling the heat of food security
VIEWPOINT Peter Baker
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7553958.stm
Tomato production in the US consumes four times as many calories as the calorific value of the tomatoes created. Global development, global debt, global warming, food miles, food security, food riots, peak oil, peak water…
What's this got to do with small farmers and global food chains?
The answer is that all the issues mentioned above intersect over small farmers.
If we can't quite get a grip on what is happening to the world, we won't be able to do a good job for them, and we'll waste a lot of resources in the process.
It's perfectly reasonable to want to assist farmers to build a better life by adding value.
It's also perfectly reasonable to expect their produce to be fresh and non-toxic. And it's only natural to want to facilitate this process through aid, technical assistance, capacity building and the like.
But the road to hell is paved with good intentions.
Maintaining order
I had originally planned to call this article Supermarkets, Smallholders and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
The Second Law is about order; the Universe is inexorably heading to increased randomness and disorder.
For practical purposes, this does not have to be a problem because we can increase order locally by hard work, by expending energy. But in the process we create greater disorder (heat and waste) elsewhere.
Higher fuel prices could eliminate two-way food journeys
If there is plenty of energy and plenty of "elsewhere", then we don't have to worry.
Indeed, for our whole existence, we largely haven't worried; in fact the whole world order, built on trade and economics, hasn't worried.
Biological systems know all about thermodynamics. All living things are highly ordered assemblies of molecules continuously battling against disorder.
Commodity chains must also obey the Second Law; in a sense, they are living things, creating highly ordered products and emitting significant waste and heat in the process.
For example, a recent study looking at Nicaraguan coffee production and processing showed that the total energy embodied in coffee exported to several countries - though not all - was not compensated by the dollar price paid for that energy.
Essentially, the conclusion was that the country is exporting subsidised energy.
It could well be that coffee is still the best way for farmers to earn a living and that the available energy could not readily be put to a better purpose. But it should at least make a country's decision-makers wonder about the long term policy, the true value of exported products and how sustainable a country's commodity chains will be in an energetically expensive future.
Look too at a modern high value vegetable chain. The orderliness required to plant, grow, harvest, process, pack, store, monitor, administer, transport, display and sell the produce in a supermarket is simply staggering, and the expended energy intense.
As an example, tomato production in the US consumes four times as many calories as the calorific value of the tomatoes created.
The point of this article may now be apparent. We are intervening, politically and normatively, in very complex systems that we only partially understand.
Waste of energy
This is not a tirade about supermarkets; no one is forcing farmers into these chains. Indeed, the retail sector has only done its job: ordering and quantifying according to its own criteria, to a state of near optimal efficiency.
It's just that the rest of us have not been able to match its brilliance.
At some point, it no longer makes any sense to simultaneously export and import food high in embodied energy
And it's not about food miles. The argument about the cost to the environment versus the gains to poor rural farmers has its pros and cons.
Instead, it's about different sorts of sustainability and the clash of very different interests.
The economic argument, revealed through agribusiness plans, may well be very strong. But these are inevitably rather short-term positions, and the funds invested may be hedged for exchange rate changes, freight costs and other risks.
When these are just stand-alone business operations then we could leave it at that - they invest their money and take their chances.
But it's no longer a matter of a few agribusiness operations in a few developing countries. With the EU's Economic Partnership Agreements now being signed, for instance, countries in the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group are on course to completely open their borders to food trade, and will be encouraged to export whatever products they can to the EU.
Foreign investment will descend on certain countries and will look for good deals on infrastructure. Politicians there may feel obliged to provide subsidised water, road and other infrastructure to secure new export initiatives, and they in turn will look for donor support to carry them through.
Trade departments of development banks and other donors will examine the short-to-medium-term economic argument, but may not adequately determine whether this is sustainable into the long term.
Hence, before significant public funds are assigned to this end, we must do our utmost to ensure they are well spent.
Thinking locally
Getting back to the Second Law; agribusiness operations in under-developed countries are highly ordered physical and information entities producing products with high embodied energy.
They exist in a landscape of increasing disorder caused by growing populations and a degrading environment.
Could locally-produced cassava flour substitute for wheat flour imports?
Trucks carrying away the produce along bumpy rural roads sometimes pass food aid trucks coming in the opposite direction. For example, some $45m (£22.5m) of food aid came from the US to Kenya last year.
Even before its sea voyage, the calorific value of US wheat is only twice the amount of calories expended to produce it. Compare this with cassava production in Tanzania where 23 times the calorific value is gained for each calorie of human energy input.
Is it energetically sound, socially advisable and economically sensible in the long term to encourage and sustain such long two-way supply chains that evolved in a low-cost energy era?
CARE International has recently declined the food aid it gets for Kenya, suggesting that it is distorting local agriculture. Are they right? How can they and donors make the right decisions?
Could it be more sustainable and cost effective for donors to pay farmers a "fair" price to develop food production for local markets - based on costs of fuel, importing food, the risk of the supply chain collapsing or moving to another country, and so on?
There are many possibilities and a large number of variables, but the most important is to find out how close to the margins of impossibility any business plan might approach.
Surely at some point, let's say between $50 and $500 per barrel of oil, it no longer makes any sense to simultaneously export and import food high in embodied energy.
But we simply lack the user-friendly models and metrics that decision-makers need to calculate such figures and project them into the future.
So private standards are fine; but there should be public standards too, or at least a set of criteria based on the most fundamental laws of physics and biology, before significant public funds are spent.
Dr Peter Baker is a commodities development specialist at CABI, a not-for-profit agricultural research organisation
The Green Room is a series of opinion articles on environmental topics running weekly on the BBC News website
Wednesday, July 23, 2008
BYRON E A ÁGUA
More trading could help to alleviate water shortages
economist
SO WORLD markets are short of oil, and supplies of food are running thin. The prices of all sorts of basic commodities are soaring, and now there may also be reason for many to worry about the most fundamental of necessities—water. Some experts believe so, at least, and they are spreading doom-laden warnings of a Malthusian crisis in the world’s water supply.
Goldman Sachs, an investment bank which likes to ponder the future of the world, recently suggested that a global lack of water could prove to be a bigger threat to mankind than rising food prices or the depletion of energy resources. Sir Nicholas Stern, who reviewed the economics of climate change in a big report for the British government in 2006, is worried too. He points to some big local problems, for example in the Himalayas, where melting glaciers risk disrupting supplies of usable water in the region, just as many underground aquifers are drying up. He argues that water—at least the fresh sort—is not a renewable resource, and because it is not priced properly it has been “mined” without restraint.
Global water consumption is doubling every 20 years says Goldman Sachs. According to Sir Nicholas, in many places supplies are running short as rising consumption cannot be matched by fresh rainfall. As a result, suggests Goldman Sachs, the price of water is bound to rise: bad news for the poor and thirsty, but an opportunity for investors. The excited bank even suggests that water might be considered to be the “petroleum for the next century”.
It expects profits to be made less from selling the stuff directly, and more from investments in infrastructure and new technology. The bank estimates that America alone needs to spend around $1 trillion on new pipes and waste-water plants by 2020. It estimates that the higher-tech side of the industry—for example in desalination efforts, or ultraviolet disinfection—is now worth $425 billion dollars, globally.
There could be plenty of money to be made in supplying water. However, more efficient use of the stuff depends on pricing it properly. Mark Zeitoun, a researcher at the London School of Economics, suggests that agriculture is responsible for the greatest waste of water, largely because of government subsidies. Farmers often plant water-intensive crops which slurp up supplies precisely where they are most limited. Growing potatoes, a thirsty crop, in Israel looks to be particularly wasteful, especially given desperate shortages of water in nearby Palestinian territories. Similarly Egyptian oranges, Australian cotton and Californian rice require huge amounts of water to produce crops that could in theory be cultivated more easily and cheaply in wetter climates. But when such crops produce valuable exports and create local jobs, governments have been keen to provide subsidised water.
Local conditions and needs vary so much that talk of a global water shortage is misleading. In total there is more than enough water for all, but it is often in the wrong place and is difficult and expensive to transport. And discrepancies are likely only to get worse as the effects of climate change becomes more pronounced. That Canada and Brazil have more water than they need is of little consolation to parched Yemen and northern China. Even within individual countries distribution is unequal. Cherrapunji is one of the wettest places on earth; elsewhere in India, Gopalpura receives only a few inches of rain a year. Surprisingly though, it is Cherrapunji which suffers the water shortages. Sensible water management would go a long way to redressing the balance.
Better functioning water markets would be one way to share out water more efficiently. Once governments have defined water rights clearly, farmers, and others who use water, could be encouraged to trade, first with each other and with industrial and urban users. Allotting options that can be taken up as and when required rather than handing out permanent water rights would encourage water trading and avoid accusations of water “theft”. It may be difficult to rein in the world’s extravagance with water, but Byron had it right when he wrote: “Til taught by pain, men really know not what good water is worth.”




